立冬的稜線：風一冷，紅果、橡實與寒蘭同時開張

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立冬的稜線：風一冷，紅果、橡實與寒蘭同時開張

古書的三候，和稜線上的風

2026 年的立冬在 11 月 7 日交節，11 月 22 日接小雪。古書給這半個月排了三候：水始冰、地始凍、雉入大水為蜃。第三候最有意思，野雞不見了，海邊卻多出外殼花紋像野雞的大蛤，古人於是判斷雉變成了蜃。台灣的水面到不了結冰，這三候照抄不得，可是野雞少見、大蛤多見這種觀察法，對植物研究者來說很熟悉：先看到的永遠是現象，原因都是後人補的。

農業部的節氣資料寫的是「稻成熟，入冬田頭空」，另一條諺語說，中南部二期稻到立冬都可以收。兩句擺在一起，田裡從金黃到空地之間，只隔著這一個節氣。

九降風與長在一千公尺的箭竹

秋後冷高壓南下，東北季風跟著冷鋒越過東海。北部與東北部陰霾有小雨，風先在迎風面把水氣卸掉，吹到新竹、苗栗已經又乾又冷，叫九降風，新竹米粉靠它風乾。《諸羅縣志》寫得簡短：「九月則北風初烈，或至連月，俗稱九降風。」

植物最能讀出這陣風的力道。陽明山系海拔約 1,000 公尺的山頂長著箭竹草原，這種草原一般要到 2,500 公尺以上的中央山脈才見得到，野鴨椿、山菊也跑到低海拔來。這叫北降現象，是強風與低溫把高山的生活條件，硬生生壓到千公尺上下。

紫斑蝶、紅果與橡實

茂林的「雙年賞蝶季」2025 年 11 月 15 日開幕，一路辦到隔年 3 月。管理處的說法是，紫斑蝶每年 11 月隨氣候轉涼大量南遷到山谷避冬。專家的補充更像生物學：越冬蝶要有低溫刺激，才會進入蝶谷；而小紫斑蝶的低海拔棲地正在消失。

山上換成紅色。玉山假沙梨長在中央山脈的中高海拔，梨果球形，熟了是紅的。

低山則是殼斗科的季節。

只剩兩處的槲櫟，和一朵不太張揚的寒蘭

同一個科裡，槲櫟的處境完全是另一回事。臺灣紅皮書列「國家極危」。1924 年島田彌市在新竹紅毛採到標本，之後很長一段時間沒有野外紀錄，直到 2002 年才在紅毛南方的鳳山重新發現，族群很小、生育地受人為嚴重干擾（Taiwania）。林保署新竹分署 2024 年 5 月說明，台灣只剩新竹、苗栗兩處族群，葉綠體基因組證明是原生；林試所在關西做了栽植（報導）。找不到那麼多年，找回來之後，棵數要用數的。

寒蘭也在這時候開。臺灣紅皮書列「國家易危」，中研院植物標本館存有宜蘭大同鄉山脊闊葉林半遮蔭的標本（HAST）。想看寒蘭，得走進山脊上半遮蔭的闊葉林。

2026 年春天雲林林內的紫斑蝶北返數量偏少，保育團體初判與年初乾旱有關。今年 11 月，茂林山谷裡第一批飛下來的蝶，數量如何，還要等 12 月到隔年 3 月的紀錄。

— 溫以君

參考來源：https://www.moa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2507791、https://udn.com/news/story/7327/9137924、https://kmweb.moa.gov.tw/redirect_files.php?id=162259、https://news.pts.org.tw/article/641787、https://money.udn.com/money/story/5612/8840697、https://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/species/407%20016%2002%200、https://taicol.tw/zh-hant/taxon/t0054786、https://taicol.tw/zh-hant/taxon/t0055011、https://taicol.tw/zh-hant/taxon/t0053233、https://hast.biodiv.tw/en/specimens/HAST:58052、https://taicol.tw/zh-hant/taxon/t0058440、https://taicol.tw/zh-hant/taxon/t0053634

參考來源：https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AB%8B%E5%86%AC

When the Monsoon Chills the Ridge, Fruit and Orchids Open Shop

Three ancient pentads, one cold ridge

Lìdōng in 2026 starts on 7 November and hands over to Xiǎoxuě on 22 November. The old almanac splits it into three pentads: water begins to freeze, earth begins to freeze, and pheasants enter the great water and become clams. The third one is the odd one. Pheasants grow scarce, big clams with pheasant-like patterning show up on the shore, and the ancients concluded that one turned into the other. Taiwan’s water does not freeze in these two weeks, so the first two pentads cannot be copied literally. The method, though, is familiar: the observation comes first, and the explanation is added by later generations.

The Ministry of Agriculture’s solar-term page puts the farm side in one line: “the rice is ripe, and after Lidong the field edges stand empty”. A proverb on the same page says second-crop rice in central and southern Taiwan can be harvested by Lidong. Between golden field and bare ground there is only this one solar term.

Jiǔjiàng wind and bamboo grass at 1,000 metres

After autumn, cold high pressure pushes south and the northeast monsoon rides in behind the cold front crossing the East China Sea. Northern and northeastern Taiwan turn hazy with light rain. By the time the wind reaches Hsinchu and Miaoli it has already dropped its moisture on the windward side, and it arrives dry and cold. This is the jiǔjiàng wind, which dries Hsinchu rice noodles. The Zhuluo county gazetteer put it briefly: in the ninth month the north wind first turns fierce, sometimes for a month at a stretch, and it is called jiǔjiàng.

The plants register the strength of this wind best. On the Yangmingshan summits at about 1,000 metres there are arrow-bamboo grasslands that normally appear only above 2,500 metres in the Central Mountain Range, and species such as Euscaphis japonica have been recorded at low elevation there. It is called the “northern descent” effect: strong wind and low temperature press high-mountain conditions down to roughly a thousand metres.

Butterflies, red fruit and acorns

Maolin’s biennial butterfly festival opened on 15 November 2025 and runs to March. The management office says the purple crow butterflies move south in great numbers each November as the weather cools. Experts add the biology: overwintering butterflies need a cold stimulus before they settle into the valleys, and the low-altitude habitat of the dwarf crow is shrinking.

On the high mountains the colour turns red. Photinia niitakayamensis grows at middle to high elevations in the Central Mountain Range, with round pomes that ripen red.

The lowlands belong to the Fagaceae in this season.

Two oak sites left, and a quiet orchid

In the same family, Quercus aliena is in a different position. It is listed as Nationally Critically Endangered in the Red List of Taiwan. After a specimen was collected at Hongmao, Hsinchu, in 1924, there was no wild record for a very long time, until it was found again at Fengshan, south of Hongmao, in 2002, with a very small population on heavily disturbed ground (Taiwania). In May 2024 the Hsinchu Branch of the Forestry and Nature Conservation Agency said only two sites remain, in Hsinchu and Miaoli, and that chloroplast genome work shows the trees are native; the forestry research institute has done replanting at Guanxi (news report). It went unfound for so long, and now the replanting can be counted.

The kanran orchid, Cymbidium kanran, flowers around now. It is listed as Nationally Vulnerable, and the Academia Sinica herbarium holds a specimen from Datong, Yilan, from half-shaded broadleaf forest on a ridge (HAST). To find one, the search has to go into half-shade broadleaf forest on a ridge.

This spring the northward flight of purple crow butterflies over Linnei in Yunlin was thin, and conservation groups tentatively blamed the dry start to the year. Whether the first butterflies arriving in Maolin this November are many or few will only show in the records from December to March.

— 溫以君

Sources: https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AB%8B%E5%86%AC, https://www.moa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2507791, https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E5%AD%A3%E9%A2%A8, https://udn.com/news/story/7327/9137924, https://kmweb.moa.gov.tw/redirect_files.php?id=162259, https://news.pts.org.tw/article/641787, https://money.udn.com/money/story/5612/8840697, https://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/species/407%20016%2002%200, https://taicol.tw/zh-hant/taxon/t0054786, https://taicol.tw/zh-hant/taxon/t0055011, https://taicol.tw/zh-hant/taxon/t0053233, https://hast.biodiv.tw/en/specimens/HAST:58052, https://taicol.tw/zh-hant/taxon/t0058440, https://taicol.tw/zh-hant/taxon/t0053634

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